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Solar Reference Cells
See Also: PV Cell, References, Photovoltaic Reference Cells, Solar Simulators, Solar Irradiance
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Reference Cells For PIV-IV Systems
NREL calibrated cell used for calibration transfer.The Abet Technologies solar reference cell is a precision instrument for the determination of solar simulator irradiance levels. The sensor is a mono-crystalline silicon solar cell having an area of2x2cm(4cm).The back of the solar cell is attached to the device in such a way that a good heat transfer to the device housing is guaranteed. Below the solar cell a Pt100 RTD temperature sensor is mounted to allow monitoring of device temperature. The device is not shunted allowing the whole IV-curve to be measured. The solar cell is protected by a high quality fused silica window, assuring spectral sensitivity over a 320 -1100 nm range.
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Calibrated Solar Reference Cell
To insure repeatable testing on any solar simulator, OAI offers 2cm x 2cm calibrated reference cells. Standard reference cell calibration cycles can be set up by OAI''s calibration laboratory to insure that your reference cell maintains certification.
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Power Meters and Calibration Cells
The Solar Reference Cell consist of a 20 x 20 mm monocrystalline silicon Photovoltaic Cell encased in a 92 x 70 x 16 mm metal enclosure with a protective quartz window and a temperature sensor. The temperature sensor is a 100 ohm platinum Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD).The Solar Reference Cells come with a Certificate of Calibration and compatible set of connecting cables. The following parameters of the reference cell are certified: Isc, Imax, Voc, Vmax, Pmax, Area, Fill Factor and Efficiency. The certification is accredited by NIST to the ISO-17025 standard and is traceable both to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and to the International System of Units (SI). A compatible cable set is also supplied with each Solar Reference Cell.
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Solar Reference Cell
The Solar Reference Cells consist of a 20 mm x 20 mm monocrystalline silicon Photovoltaic Cell encased in a 92 mm x 70 mm x 16 mm metal enclosure with a protective quartz window and a temperature sensor. Designed for calibrating the irradiance of solar simulators used for testing solar cells and modules.
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Reference Cells
Reference cell is used for measuring and setting the intensity of solar simulators for one sun (or other user desired) intensity condition. They are also used to calibrate the IV Measurement system photo-detector intensity to match the measured ISC to calibrated ISC.
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Solar Cell Simulation
Setfos
Easily calculate the short circuit current, open circuit voltage Voc and fill factor with Setfos. Tweak the layer stack and add light scattering layers for enhanced absorption. Optimize for AM1.5 or specific wavelength bandsElectrical IV curvesCurve fitting & parameter extractionAC simulation and transient experiments like photo-CELIVAdvanced device physics: SRH-recombination, excitons, ... Design anti-reflection coatings or transparent cells
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Solar Simulator for Multijunction Solar Cells
For series connected multijunction cells, at a given spectrum (e.g. AM 1.5 or AM 0 for space solar cells), one of the cells will limit the current in the series connection of cells. All solar simulators deviate from the true AM 1.5 spectrum, and they are only classified in wide spectral bands (100nm width). So even for class A or A+ solar simulators, it can easily happen that the bandgaps of the multijunction cells are such distributed that the 'wrong' cell will limit the current, if a solar simulator with fixed spectrum is used. In the 70s and 80s, when these measurements were first developed, intercomparisons showed deviations of cell efficiency in fixed spectrum solar simulators of more than 40%.
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Solar Cell Testers
Solar Cell Testers are integrated systems incorporating Solar Simulator and I-V Measurement systems. PET offers Standard and Advance IV Measurement software. PET Cell Testers are capable of measuring a diverse range of solar cell parameters such as Isc,Voc, Imax,Vmax, Pmax, FF, Rsh, Rs and η cell conversion efficiency, complete light and dark I-V curves. All that needs to be done to test a cell is to load the cell, make electrical probes contact and press “Measure” icon on the I-V Measurement System software. The software will automatically open the Solar Simulator shutter, perform the test and close the shutter after the test is complete. The design is modular in nature and can be easily upgraded. Some options can added at a later time.
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Solar Simulator for Concentrator Cells
Optosolar offers solar simulators with continuous light for small area solar cells (ca. 10mm x 10mm). depending on the cell size, the concentration ratio can exceed 1000 suns. Special designs cover low concentration on large area wafers (156mm x 156mm), as well as line focus applications (e.g. 8mm x 156mm at 8 suns). Flashlight Solar Simulators have the advantage of negligible temperature change to the solar cell. For this reason, they are often used for very high concentration ratios or for multijunction cells in a solar simulator with adjustable spectrum.
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Direct Burial Half Cell Reference Electrode
DB-A
Model DB-A Copper-Copper/Sulfate Reference Electrode designed for direct burial for long term monitoring of buried or earth contacting structures.
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Testing for Si Solar Cells Using High Performance CCD
EL Imaging Tester
EL Testing for Si Solar Cells using High Performance CCD. The determination of luminescence (photo emissions) in solar cells is an important characterization tool. Typical solar cells often have defects which limit the efficiency or lifetime of a cell. Many of these defects are visualized with Luminescence Imaging. By using this technique, the manufacturing process can be optimized to produce better cells. Luminescence Imaging takes advantage of the radiative inter-band recombination of excited charge carriers in solar cells. The emitted photons can be captured with a sensitive CCD camera to obtain an image of the distribution of the radiative recombination in the cell. This distribution is determined by the local excitation level, allowing the detection of electrical losses, thus mapping the diffusion length of minority carriers as the emitted light is low intensity and in the near infra-red range, the CCD camera has a high sensitivity wavelength from 900 to 1100 nm with little thermal noise. This CCD camera provides excellent resolution of 1024 x 1024 pixels with a large 1μm pixel size, multi-megahertz readout speed, and robust USB 2.0 connectivity. The EL CCD Camera is the ultimate high-performance CCD camera for electroluminescence and photoluminescence imaging for Photovoltaic (PV) Cells and Modules. This camera combines low noise electronics and optimal sensitivity in NIR.
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Solar Simulator
It is the optimum light source for the evaluation of requiring high degree of parallelism close to sunlight. Irradiation area and parallelism are produced according to your request.
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Solar Simulators
TriSOL CPV
Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV) has the promise of producing solar cells with high cell efficiencies, which result in a reduction in the cost of operating a PV module. However, a CPV system requires the integration of CPV solar cells, modules and CPV optics into one efficient system. OAI’s focus is CPV cell testing methodology. The CPV cells can now be tested using OAI’s advanced standalone CPV Simulators for low dose and high dose configurations. The low dose CPV Solar Simulator provides exposure up to 50 Suns, whereas, the high dose CPV Solar Simulator provides exposure up to 1500 Suns. The low and high dose simulators provide exposure in varying Sun concentrations in various beam sizes from 1.5cm x 1.5cm to 7.5cm x 7.5cm, and may be configured with OAI’s I-V Test Systems.
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Solar Cell Tester
Jiangsu Keyland Laser Technology Co., Ltd.
Features:- Up to standard IEC60904 & JISC8933- 24 hrs continuous working , over 300,000 flash- Siemens PLC system adopted- 10 Parameters display
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Intelligent Reference
TM-4D
The Intelligent Reference/TM-4D™ breaks new ground for time and frequency references. For the first time, it is possible to generate and distribute both analog and digital signals to multiple instruments and locations with just one product that fits in a single rack space. The TM-4D is three instruments in one: an Intelligent Reference/TM-4™ precise time and frequency reference, a digital signal distribution amplifier and an analog distribution amplifier. And it eliminates the need for multiple boxes.
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Reference Meter
SB1300
Shenzhen Star Instrument Co., Ltd.
The SB1300 three-phase multi-function reference meter incorporates 32-bit floating point DSP, wide-range measuring and embedding industrial PC technologies. This model was the first approved by China National Institute of Metrology. Star Instrument has been granted the first manufacturing license for class 0.02 reference meters. Basic measuring range (phase voltage): 1V~480V, current measuring range: 1mA~120A; wide measuring range (phase voltage): 0.1V~1000V, current measuring range: 0.1mA~200A
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Reference Thermometers
Our Reference Thermapen takes lab accuracy into the field. Each unit is factory calibrated at 5 test points and includes a UKAS accredited calibration certificate with test data. A true "system calibration" is performed matching its Platinum RTD sensor and the built-in electronics so all errors are included in the spec.
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Shaper Of The Reference Frequency
MFC
The mezzanine module (mezzanine) of the MFC is designed to reproduce on six output lines high-precision frequency values obtained by dividing the frequency from the built-in reference frequency generator.
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Intelligent Time Reference
TM-4™and TM-4/OEM™
The Intelligent Reference/TM-4™ and TM4/OEM™ are multi- purpose, GPS disciplined timing signal generators and frequency references in economical off-the-shelf and custom configurations. Intended for use in a wide variety of timing, synchronization and frequency reference applications, they are based on the most advanced architecture Spectrum has ever offered, and include the most popular features of Spectrum's core platform for current timing products.
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AAA Solar simulator
SS50AAA-PLC
Application ■Mono crystalline silicon (Si) ■Multi crystalline silicon (mc-Si) ■Amorphous silicon (a-Si) ■Gallium arsenide (GaAs) ■Gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs) ■Gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) ■Gallium indium phosphite (GaInP)
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Solar Power Meters
TES Electrical Electronic Corp.
Wide spectral range. Excellent long term stability.Cosine corrected. Automatic transmission measurements. Select either power or transmission. Solar energy measurement.
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Solar Plants Controllers
Differential analog solar controller-Elios Basic for solar heating plants: it compares temperatures of fluids in the collectors and the storage tanks and, when the difference is greater than DeltaT, starts the heat exchange through the pump.
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Flash Solar Simulators
Sciencetech manufactures a range of flash solar simulatorsSee the Flash Solar Simulator Overview to compare products across different product lines.
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Cell Solar Simulator
QuickSun® 130E
QuickSun 130E exceeds the ordinary Class A criterions of IEC904-9 ed. 2 with clear margin providing enhanced IV characteristics accuracy. The applicable test methods and procedures are inspected by SGS Fimko Ltd in order to guarantee the compliance and traceability not only with the above standard but also with IEC904-1 ed. 2 which specifies the IV measurement conditions.
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Solar ATE
MS 1534
The Inverterless ATE is an automatic test equipment which is used to test the all functional and various test conditions of Inverterless Solar Unit. This ATE shall be a GO/NOGO Tester for Inverterless Solar Unit. All production units can be tested with this ATE for functional testing and clearance. This ATE reduces the man effort for quality checks and detects the failure units. The Inverterless ATE can check the UUT with minimum user interactions. It shall test and generate test report in PDF format for the conducted tests with necessary data. The ATE operates on 230V AC power. The ATE has In-Built AC-DC converter which provides 12V DC for operate the unit. Also it has additional AC-DC converter to simulate solar power to the Inverterless units. The main objective of the ATE is to test the Inverterless S in all possible test scenarios without external test equipments and less user interactions.
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Cell Production
JRT Photovoltaics GmbH & Co. KG
The production of lithium-ion cell batteries includes the three main process stages of electrode production, cell assembly and formation and aging. Automation is a critical factor for success, particularly in the process stage of cell assembly.
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Reference Transmitter
81491A
Keysight's 81491A Reference Transmitter is designed to offer excellent eye quality for NRZ and PAM4 signals at baud-rates up to 32Gbaud and can serve as universal E/O converter. It comes in Multimode (MM) and Single-Mode (SM) flavors and includes internal lasers at 850nm (MM) or 1310&1550nm (SM). External optical input for usage with tunable laser sources is available for SM option. It is fully integrated into Keysight’s Optical Receiver Stress Test solutions to address test requirements of IEEE 802.3 10,40,100 and 400GBASE optical standards.
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AC Reference Generators
SRB
Computer Conversions Corporation
The SRB Series are miniature, Bulk-head Mount, low cost AC reference generators to supply moderate power 2-115VAC excitation to Synchro's, Resolvers, LVDT's and related converters in COTS-Military and industrial applications for measurement, control, simulation and data communications.
